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Staff Reports

Unconventional Monetary Policies and Inequality

Previous title: “Quantitative Easing and Inequality”

Number 1108
July 2024 Revised October 2026

JEL classification: E12, E30, E52, E58

Author: Donggyu Lee

This paper examines the aggregate and distributional effects of the Federal Reserve’s unconventional monetary policy, comprising quantitative easing and forward guidance, during the 2009–2015 effective lower bound episode, using an estimated medium-scale heterogeneous agent New Keynesian model. Relative to a counterfactual without unconventional policy, these interventions stimulate aggregate activity and generate broad-based welfare gains, with an average gain equivalent to a 0.27 percent increase in lifetime consumption. These welfare gains are mildly U-shaped across the wealth distribution, with households at the bottom gaining mainly from a lower unemployment rate, while higher profits and equity prices benefit the top disproportionately. Comparing these outcomes to an unconstrained conventional interest rate rule, I find that once unconventional tools are available the effective lower bound is not very costly in aggregate terms, while conventional policy alone would have implied somewhat more uneven distributional effects.

Full Article

Author Disclosure Statement(s)

Donggyu Lee
The author declares that he has no relevant or material financial interests that relate to the research described in this paper.

Suggested Citation:
Lee, Donggyu. 2024. “Unconventional Monetary Policies and Inequality.” Federal Reserve Bank of New York Staff Reports, no. 1108, revised October 2026. https://doi.org/10.59576/sr.1108

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